Analysis of the Origin of the Traditional Furniture Decoration Hardware in Zhongyi Dai Xiangdong Wang Xiangyu 2, Tang Caiyun 2, Li Qing Huang Yanli 1 (1. School of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; 2. Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 325000) One of the major features of the traditional art decoration art of the country is also one of the important features of the Oriental family that is different from Western furniture. At present, the furniture industry in China and Japan has not seen the details of the furniture decoration hardware China and Japan. Through the origin of furniture decoration hardware and the research on the evolution and evolution of traditional Chinese and Japanese furniture decoration hardware, the comparison of the motifs on traditional Chinese and Japanese furniture decoration hardware, and the “hardwood furniture culture†in Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Analysis of the impact on traditional Japanese furniture, pointing out that traditional furniture decoration hardware should be China's source and Japan's flow. Fund Project: National Social Science Fund Art Project (07BF34); Hunan Provincial Department of Education Research Project Key Project (09A106); Central South University of Forestry and Technology High-level Talent Research Fund Project Furniture culture as part of social material culture is the evolution of human civilization An important testimony. Chinese traditional furniture has achieved brilliant achievements in the world with its "simple, harmonious and elegant" creation art, and plays an important role in the history of world furniture. The traditional furniture of China and Japan are in a simple, elegant and natural style, which together constitute the unique oriental style furniture system of the world furniture forest. Because the ancient cultures of China and Japan have a relationship of inheritance and tolerance, they have a great degree of comparability in the art of furniture decoration. The decorative techniques of traditional furniture are divided into artistic decoration and functional decoration. The artistic decoration mainly refers to the decoration of the foot, the decoration of the decoration and the decoration of the decoration. The functional decoration mainly includes the decoration, the decoration of the hardware and the decoration of the structural parts. Due to the different categories and the different aesthetic tastes of China and Japan, traditional Chinese furniture has similarities and differences in decorative techniques. Traditional furniture decoration hardware refers to various ornaments that are set in cabinets, boxes, cabinets, chairs, cross-counters and gussets, handles, hinges, etc. The decorative function of the metal trim is based on its practical function, which not only can strengthen the furniture structure, but also add elegance to the art decoration of the furniture. The use of decorative hardware on traditional furniture is one of the characteristics of traditional furniture decoration art between China and Japan. To some extent, the decoration of hardware is also a feature of the Oriental family that is different from the unique artistic charm of Western furniture. At present, traditional furniture from China and Japan is housed in the Palace Museum in Beijing and some museums in Europe. Some of these furniture, especially lacquered furniture with hardware decoration, distinguish whether it is Chinese or Japanese traditional furniture. It may not be difficult for domestic furniture professionals, but it is quite difficult in Europe. People tend to be inconsistent. Since modern times, handicrafts have received considerable attention in Japan. Therefore, as a typical handicraft industry, the traditional furniture hardware industry has been protected and developed, and a large number of “golden†club companies have emerged (Japan’s hardware accessories are called “ "Golden"" and the famous "Golden" craftsman with social influence. On the contrary, due to the influence of China's inherent social ideology, the craftsmen never have the corresponding social status. For example, many classic Ming and Qing furniture gems that have survived in history, the authors have no history in the name, as the hardware industry of the furniture industry. It can be imagined that this situation has not changed much until today. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a fallacy in the art of Chinese calligraphy originating in Japan. There is also a so-called "recognized Chinese lacquer ware from Japan" Rumors. For traditional furniture decoration hardware, China and Japan may also have a "source" With the question of "flow", the author will discuss this in the following aspects. 1 The development of traditional Chinese furniture decoration hardware There are not many types and styles of furniture hardware accessories in ancient China. Through research, it can be found that it developed with the development of cabinets, boxes and cabinets, and the great changes of these furnitures were born after the basic lifestyle of the Sui and Tang dynasties. After the Song Dynasty, high-grade furniture was widely used. The rapid development of furniture production and technology, as well as social politics and economic prosperity, laid a good technical foundation for the improvement and innovation of various types of furniture. As a result, the storage and storage furniture of boxes, cabinets, cabinets, etc., after the development of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, ushered in a new era of unprecedented prosperity in the early Ming Dynasty, especially the cabinets and cabinets, which changed the appearance of the ancient Song Dynasty. Forms have formed a new style and decorative features. Hardware accessories have gradually become a major artistic feature of this type of furniture. They are numerous in style, exquisite in style, and varied in style, adding a lot of brilliance to Ming and Qing furniture. Various metal decorative pieces are used in furniture. China has been in existence since ancient times, and we have obtained evidence from the physical objects found in archaeology. In the 1980s, in the Shang Dynasty tomb excavated in Haocheng County, Hebei Province, a semi-circular gold foil was found on an unpainted lacquer box. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the development of bronze technology, there were decorative techniques such as gold and silver, gold and other decorative parts. The decorative parts on these bronze furniture have both decorative effects and organic components in the whole shape and function. At the same time, lacquered wood furniture also entered an era of unprecedented prosperity. Metal lacquer parts such as gold, silver and bronze are also used on the lacquer ware. The typical ones are often equipped with bronze fasteners on lacquered wood furniture, which not only increases the solidity and practicability of wooden furniture, but also increases the decorativeness of wooden furniture. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the use of furniture hardware decorative parts was not much, mainly used in lacquer furniture. From the historical data, some of the furniture continues to use the traditional "golden copper buckle", the new process is mainly attached to gold foil, decorated with gold and copper ornaments. During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the furniture making process was in a new style of gestation, and the hardware accessories mainly appeared in furniture such as boxes and lacquer cases. For example, in the tomb of Zhu Ran excavated by archaeologists in 1984, the buckles and gilt cones represented by the gilt bronze buckles were found, and the painted gongs of the banquets were slightly higher than the case. Gold-plated gold-plated copper edge. 1.2 Furniture decoration hardware from the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the hardware technology of traditional furniture has been further developed. The most typical one is that there is a top cover box in this period, with a front lock and a lock button on the front, and handles on both sides. The back is connected by a two-grid shackle to the cover, which is used by future generations. During the Five Dynasties period, the production and crafts of box furniture were more elaborate. For example, the five-generation Southern Tang painter Zhou Wenmo made a heavy-screen chessboard. Two boxes were placed on the couch. The larger one was a horn-shaped curved surface with a plum-shaped wrap angle. The front is fitted with a butterfly lock. During the Song Dynasty, the economy was developed, and the level of furniture manufacturing technology was rapidly improved. In the 1950s, when Suzhou, Suzhou, was renovating the Huqiu Tower built during the Spring and Autumn Period, the archaeologists found that the style of the Song Dynasty in the tower was similar to that of the Ming Dynasty. The joints and corners of the box were covered with gold and silver lace. The hardware buckle on the front is also equipped with a delicate enamel gold lock. In the Yuan Dynasty, various metal furniture became decorations to a certain extent, and metal materials such as gold, silver and copper were used to make decorative parts for furniture. 1.3 Ming and Qing Dynasty furniture decoration hardware China's social development into the Ming Dynasty, the use of hardware accessories as a decoration has become a major artistic feature of the Ming Dynasty furniture decoration. In the Ming Dynasty, many pieces of copper were used as raw materials to make metal decorative parts. The copper parts mainly include "wrapping angle, hinge, face sheet, handle, button head, tag, buckle" And other types. These hardware decorative parts have a protective effect on the furniture, for example, the wrap angle of the box furniture, the feet of the table furniture, the hinges of the cabinet, the cabinet, the boring cabinet, the face leaf and the handle, the buckle, etc. Not only has the elegant decorative interest, but also plays a role in enhancing the durability of the furniture. The development of furniture hardware decorative parts has been quite common in the Qing Dynasty, and the craftsmanship is quite fine and mature. There are technical errors, wrong silver, silk flowers and sheet metal. The decorative patterns of the hardware are more auspicious and colorful, with dragon, cloud, fish, crease, flower and bird, wishful, plant and rope, etc. The shape has square, round, rectangular, Diamond, strip, ancient coin, butterfly, cloud head, etc. According to its function classification, it can be divided into: hinges that connect the furniture parts and make them move; the wrap angles embedded in the corners of the furniture; the feet of the furniture foot; attached to the upper and lower openings of the box to open and close and lock The tempo of the handle; the sling ring and the hangtag as the handle on the drawer panel; the eye protection installed at the swaying shaft to prevent the furniture from being worn; the surface of the leaf that is nailed to the front of the cabinet. From a functional point of view, these hardware not only have the effect of strengthening the structure of the furniture, but also have a special color and texture, which is in sharp contrast with the color and texture of the wood. This vivid decorative effect forms the Qing furniture. A major feature. 2 The history of Japanese traditional furniture decoration hardware We have studied the Japanese historical materials on traditional furniture and found that Japanese furniture has a long history of using hardware. According to research, from the end of the ancient tomb era to the early period of Nara (about 8th century AD), the use of "golden tools" began to appear on Japanese furniture. From the relics and jade cabinets left in the warehouse of the Nara period, to the "Tang Cabinet" of the Jingang Temple in the 12th century in the Heian period. During my visit to Japan, the author saw reinforcement (durable, anti-cracking) on ​​the doors, windows and poles of the Tang Dynasty architectural temples such as the Kyoto Imperial Palace in the Nara period, the Kyoto Imperial Palace, the Tang Dynasty Jianzheng, and the Dongda Temple, the first resident of Japan. The application of copper hardware with decorative functions and decorative functions, with decorative patterns. It is found that the application of hardware in the construction of this period seems to be more extensive than the application in furniture. The Nishi-Honganji Temple and the Nikko Toshogu Shrine, built in Japan in the 16th century, are the classic masterpieces of Japan's use of hardware for architectural decoration to reach its peak. It is worth mentioning that its temple "Tangmen" The gold-plated decorative shape on the golden light began to be popular with hardware decoration. The hardware was flat and simple at first, and the surface was not decorated. During the Meiji period (18671911), the embossed metal pieces of the Tang lion and the dragon with complicated patterns appeared on the Japanese caskets, and the furniture of the paulownia cabinets was decorated with pine, bamboo, plum, turtle, crane, etc. Auspicious patterns of hardware accessories (such as). At this time, the function of the hardware on the traditional furniture is obviously more decorative. On the other hand, the background of the rapid development of Japanese furniture during this period is the continuous input of woodworking and furniture technology in mainland China. At the same time, a large number of Chinese Ming and Qing furniture entered Japan in the form of trade and were copied in batches, and even the authors found in later articles. The "hardwood furniture" culture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China has spread to Japan's historical facts. 3 China and Japan as the source of the discussion Japan's famous Chinese scientific historian Yan Neiqing pointed out in the science of China and Japan in the nature of Sino-Japanese cultural relations: they are also taught in China. Different from time to generation, although there is a difference in degree, until the Meiji Restoration, Japan was greatly influenced by Chinese civilization and was a member of the Chinese civilization circle. From this view, Chinese culture is formed by the formation of Japanese culture. Has an indispensable role. At present, the furniture industry in China and Japan has not seen the details of the furniture decoration hardware and the Japanese. Through the above research, the author believes that the evolution and development process of traditional furniture decoration hardware between China and Japan is "China as the source and Japan as the flow" for the following reasons. 3.1 Japan's metalware first imported from China into the world's ancient civilization is generally a long Bronze Age, and then the Iron Age. However, in Japan, bronzes and irons are not produced by themselves, but are imported from China during the Han Dynasty (that is, the Yayoi era of Japan, 300 AD 300). It is precisely because of the introduction of continental metal appliances that it has had a tremendous impact on the development of production tools and production technologies in Japanese island countries. 3.2 Chinese traditional furniture hardware appeared in Japan before China had advanced bronze technology earlier than Japan, and it can be seen from the previous research that China was in the archaeological excavation in the pre-historic Spring and Autumn Period (221 BC 221 BC). A large number of examples of furniture application hardware were discovered, and it was not until the Nara era of the 8th century that the case of hardware was applied to furniture. 3.3 The decorative patterns and themes of Japanese traditional furniture hardware are many sources. The traditional furniture decorative patterns and themes are closely related to the mainland culture. The "Jade worm cabinet" of the cabinets of the Treasure Temple in the Nara period, which is a collection of architecture, sculpture, painting and arts and crafts, is the crystallization of various art categories in the Feidao era. The research of experts and scholars shows that no matter the lacquer painting on the jade worm cabinet or the decorative pattern of the gold fittings, the plant Tang grass pattern from Central Asia and the traditional Chinese cloud tang grass pattern are combined. Around the 12th century, furniture with hardware decoration (partially as a functional component) appeared in China: "Tang Cabinet" It is Chinese; the high-grade furniture of the ceremonial table is originally imported into Japan with the Chinese poetry and its imitations. The theme of the hardware decoration pattern of Chinese traditional furniture is mostly auspicious meaning, which is better than the beauty of artistic conception. In the hardware decoration of traditional Japanese furniture, the imitation and reference of ancient Chinese culture, especially Tang style, can be seen everywhere. The decorative patterns and themes are quite a part of the Chinese mainland culture, such as dragon and phoenix, Tang lion. The pattern of "three friends of the cold" and some patterns of Chinese history and mythology. 3.4 The influence of “hardwood furniture culture†in Chinese Ming and Qing Dynasties on Japanese furniture Hardware decoration is one of the important characteristics of Chinese Ming and Qing furniture art. The period of Japanese traditional furniture prevailing in hardware decoration happens to be after the Ming and Qing furniture are imported into Japan. Mid-18th century. We believe that this is precisely the aesthetic taste of Ming and Qing furniture hardware decoration directly has an important impact on Japanese furniture, or at least played a catalytic role. Japanese scholar Shimaojin showed that many producers of imitation Chinese imported furniture appeared in the middle and late Edo of Japan, Osaka, and other places. They used a lot of eucalyptus to make clothes, ruts and other furniture to all parts of Japan. We call this period the "wooden prosperity" of Japanese furniture. It should be said that the arrival of Japan’s “Yumu Shengshi†was not accidental, but was received by the Chinese Ming and Qing Dynasties “hardwood furnitureâ€. Appeared by the influence of culture. We know that Japan is rich in eucalyptus and has been widely used as building materials, but it is only used as a high-end luxury furniture material. In the early Ming Dynasty of China, the cultural phenomenon of “hardwood furniture†led by coffin appeared. It was not difficult to understand that the port entered Japan and was respected by all ethnic groups in Japan. Because the pursuit of natural materials and simple style of Ming style furniture coincides with the Japanese people's advocating simple and elegant aesthetics. Therefore, the local abundance of coffins became the best choice at that time. 3.5 The process of furniture decoration hardware from China to Japan We believe that the process of producing furniture decoration hardware is as follows. Metal parts were first applied on ancient doors, demonstrating the role of furniture-enabled hardware (the opposite conclusion is not convincing). In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Luoyang Jialanji contains: "The temple has nine layers of floating maps. Every household has Zhu paint, there are five rows of gold nails on the raft, and there is a golden ring." The door prevents the wooden door from cracking due to dry shrinkage and swelling, and at the same time plays a decorative role. The practical and decorative functions of the hardware on the wooden door are used by the furniture and should be understood. The construction techniques and styles of the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China have had a major impact on Japanese architecture. The use of hardware is more convincing for Japanese architecture with a humid climate and an average annual rainfall of 1 800 mm. The universal application of hardware in architecture has been despised by people. The texture and color contrast with wood materials enrich the visual image of the building. This special aesthetic taste is gradually transferred to the furniture, so the decorative function is The main hardware. Since Japanese heavy culture is devoted to the understanding and sublimation of art, when the Japanese regard the decoration of hardware as an "art", it immediately ushered in the opportunity of prosperity. At this time, the Ming and Qing furniture hardware decoration art imported from China It just played a role in fueling the situation. 4 Conclusion As a member of the Han culture civilization circle, Japanese characters, folk customs, architecture, gardens, etc. are all influenced by Chinese culture and cast a brand of Chinese culture. Through the origin of furniture decoration hardware and the research on the evolution and evolution of traditional Chinese and Japanese furniture decoration hardware, after comparing the theme of traditional Chinese and Japanese furniture decoration hardware, and the "hardwood furniture culture" of China's Ming and Qing Dynasties to Japan The analysis of the influence of traditional furniture, we believe that the source or mater of the hardware decoration pieces on the traditional furniture of China and Japan is the hardware on the doors and windows of ancient Chinese architecture; the ancestral type of Japanese traditional furniture hardware accessories is derived from Chinese furniture. And the hardware on the doors and windows of Japanese traditional buildings influenced by China. Steel poles are commonly used to carry several
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