Ministry of Agriculture: Scientific advice on fertilization of fruit trees

  (a) Apple

1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization

In view of the insufficient amount of organic fertilizer input in apple production, some orchard site conditions are poor, soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity is poor, and the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in intensive orchard is generally high. The soil acidification of non-calcium soil old orchard is common, medium and trace element calcium, Magnesium and boron deficiency occur frequently. The problems of iron, zinc and boron deficiency in orchards in calcareous soil areas are common. In some areas, fruit farmers have insufficient understanding of the basic fertilizer and the amount and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied in spring and summer fruit expansion period. The following fertilization principles:

(1) Adding organic fertilizer and promoting organic and inorganic application; adjusting the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer according to soil fertility conditions and yield level; paying attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc;

(2) Combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques (ridge cultivation, orchard grass, water and fertilizer integration, drooping fruit branch pruning, etc.), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied in stages according to tree potential and yield level;

(3) Orchards in which soil acidification occurs can be modified by applying silicon calcium magnesium fertilizer or lime.

2. Fertilization amount and method

(1) Orchards with an output of more than 4,500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 40 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10 to 15 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 kg/mu.

(2) Orchard with an output of 3,500 to 4,500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 to 30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 25 kg/mu.

(3) Orchards with an output of less than 3,500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 to 10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 20 kg/mu.

Early-maturing varieties, or soils with fertile soil, or small age, or strong trees, apply 2~3 square meters/mu of organic fertilizer; late-maturing varieties, or soils with thin soil, or large age, or weak trees, apply organic fertilizer 3~ 4 squares / acre. The orchard with zinc, boron and calcium in the soil should be applied with zinc sulfate 1~1.5kg/mu, borax 0.5~1.0kg/mu, calcium nitrate 30~50kg/mu, mixed with organic fertilizer in mid-September to 10 Apply in the middle of the month (as soon as possible after late harvesting of fruit picking).

Fertilizer is applied in 2~3 times (3 times late maturity), the first time from mid-September to mid-October (as early as possible after late-harvest varieties), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the basis of organic fertilizer and silicon-calcium-calcium fertilizer In combination with application, the proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be increased appropriately; the second time before and after the fruit bagging in early June of the next year, the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be combined according to the condition of fruit retention, and the amount of potassium fertilizer should be increased; the third time is from late July to mid-August of next year. According to the rainfall, tree potential and yield, a small number of methods are adopted, mainly based on potassium fertilizer and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer.

(two) citrus

1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization

In view of the neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil improvement and fertilization in citrus production, soil acidification is serious, the area of ​​infertile orchard is large, the amount of fertilizer used by farmers is large, the amount of fertilizer and ratio, fertilization period and method are unreasonable, calcium, magnesium, Boron, zinc, iron and other trace elements are common, soil erosion is serious, fertilizer utilization is low, etc., the following fertilization principles are proposed:

(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, vigorously develop green manure in orchard, and carry out straw covering in orchard; (2) Orchard with serious acidification, apply appropriate amount of acid soil such as silicon-calcium fertilizer or lime

(3) According to the citrus varieties, orchard soil fertility status, optimize the amount of NPK fertilizer, the proportion of compound application and the fertilization period, and specifically supplement the trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc and iron; (4) fertilization The method is changed to the whole garden for application as a concentrated point or ditch; (5) Fertilization combined with water management and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization amount and method (1) Orchard with an output of more than 3,000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 4 square meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 35 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 kg / mu.

(2) Orchard with an output of 1500-3000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2~4 square/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 Kg/mu.

(3) Orchard with an output of 1500 kg or less: organic fertilizer 2 to 3 square meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 to 8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O)

) 10 to 20 kg / mu. For the orchard lacking calcium and magnesium, calcium magnesium phosphate is used. Orchard lacking boron, zinc and iron, applying 0.5~0.75 kg of borax per mu, 1~1.5 kg of zinc sulfate and 2~3 kg of ferrous sulfate, mixed with organic fertilizer and applied in autumn; orchard with pH<5.5 The application of silicon-calcium fertilizer or lime is 60-80 kg, 50% in autumn, and 50% in summer.

Spring fertilization (germination or pre-flowering fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 30% to 40% of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer applied before germination in February and March; summer fertilization (strong fruit fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 20% to 30% of phosphate fertilizer, 40% to 50% of potassium fertilizer applied in June to July; autumn and winter fertilization (harvesting fruit fertilizer): 20% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40% to 50% % of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer, all organic fertilizers and boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer and iron fertilizer are applied before and after fruit harvesting from November to December.

(three) pear

1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization

For the production of pears, the application of organic fertilizer is less, the content of organic matter is lower, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is low, the input of potassium fertilizer and medium and trace elements is less, the fertilization period, fertilization method and fertilizer ratio are unreasonable, and the soil of calcium and iron in pear garden The lack of trace elements in zinc and boron is common, especially in the soils of pear orchards in the south, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium deficiency, and serious soil acidification. The following fertilization principles are proposed:

(1) Increasing the application of organic fertilizer, implementing green manure in the orchard, covering the straw, and fertilizing the soil; applying lime and organic fertilizer to improve the orchard with serious soil acidification;

(2) According to the soil fertility conditions of pear garden and the growth status of pear trees, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and supplement the trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and boron by foliar spraying;

(3) Combining high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, yield levels and soil fertility conditions, determine the fertilizer application period, dosage and element ratio;

(4) Optimize the fertilization method, change the application to the strip application or point application, reasonably cooperate with irrigation and fertilization, and adjust the fertilizer with water.

2. Fertilization amount and method

(1) Orchard with an output of more than 4000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 3 to 4 square meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25 to 30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 to 30 kg /mu.

(2) Orchard with an output of 2000-4000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2~3 square/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20-25 Kg/mu.

(3) Orchards with an output of less than 2000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2 to 3 square meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 to 20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 to 12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15 to 20 kg /mu.

In the orchard where soil calcium and magnesium are scarce, the phosphate fertilizer should be calcium, magnesium and phosphate; the orchard lacking iron, zinc and boron can be sprayed with 0.3% to 0.5% ferrous sulfate, 0.3% zinc sulfate, 0.2 by foliar application. % to 0.5% borax to correct. According to the application amount of organic fertilizer, increase or decrease the amount of nitrogen and potassium in the fertilizer as appropriate. All organic fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers, 50% to 60% nitrogen fertilizers, and 40% potassium fertilizers were used as the base fertilizers in autumn after harvesting. The remaining 40% to 50% nitrogen fertilizers and 60% potassium fertilizers were in the germination period of March. And the application period of the expansion period from June to July, according to the strength of the pear tree, the number and amount of top dressing can be appropriately increased or decreased.

(four) peach

1. Problems with fertilization and principles of fertilization

In view of the large difference in fertilizer application rate, the amount of fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the fertilization period and methods are unreasonable, neglecting the problems of fertilization and irrigation coordination, the following fertilization principles are proposed:

(1) Reasonably increase the application rate of organic fertilizer, rationally regulate the application level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility, early, late maturing varieties and yield levels. The fertilizer requirement of early maturing varieties is 20%-30% less than that of late-maturing varieties; Combined application of magnesium, boron, zinc or copper fertilizer;

(2) Fertilizer distribution It is advisable to carry out the autumn base fertilizer one month after the peach fruit is harvested, and the peach fruit expansion period is the key period of top dressing;

(3) Combined with high-quality cultivation techniques, it is not advisable to apply nitrogen fertilizer and a large amount of irrigation for 3 weeks before picking, so as not to affect the quality; in the plain area where the drainage is not smooth in summer, the soil management work such as ridge, film and grass should be done well; Arid areas advocate the use of plastic film covering, hole storage and fertilizer technology.

2. Fertilization amount and method

(1) The production level is above 3000 kg/mu: organic fertilizer 2~3 square/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15～18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8～10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 18～22 kg /mu.

(2) Production level 2000-3000 kg/mu: organic fertilizer 1~2 square/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12～16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7～9 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 17～20 Kg/mu.

(3) Production level 1500-2000 kg/mu: organic fertilizer 1~2 square/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10～12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5～8 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 12～15 Kg/mu.

For the orchard with early defoliation or high load in the previous year, the top dressing should be strengthened. Before the germination, 2% to 3% of urea can be sprayed 2 to 3 times. After germination and before mid-July, the urea should be pressed twice periodically. The potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed once, and the potassium dihydrogen phosphate concentration is 0.3% to 0.5%. If the amount of organic fertilizer applied in the previous year is large, then the nitrogen and potassium applied in the autumn of the year

The fertilizer can be reduced by 1 to 2 kg/mu as appropriate, and the amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer in the fruit expansion period can be reduced by 2 to 3 kg/mu as appropriate.

All organic fertilizers, 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 100% of phosphate fertilizer and 50% of potassium fertilizer are used as base fertilizers in the autumn after peach fruit picking. The remaining 60% to 70% nitrogen fertilizer and 50% potassium fertilizer are in spring. Peach trees were applied in the germination stage, hard core stage and fruit expansion stage (1~2 times of early maturing varieties and 2~3 times of late maturing varieties).

(5) Banana

1. Problems with fertilization and principles of fertilization

In view of the widespread neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil fertility in banana production, the lack of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron, the insufficient total fertilizer and excess phenomenon, and the re-application of potassium fertilizer but the time is too late, the following fertilization principles are proposed:

(1) Fertilization is based on the principle of “reasonable distribution of fertilizers and key application during key periods”;

(2) Combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, rationally distribute fertilizer according to growth period, increase fertilizer dosage after flower bud differentiation period, pay attention to potassium fertilizer application, increase calcium and magnesium fertilizer, and supplement lack of trace element nutrients;

(3) Fertilization combined with irrigation, using fertigation techniques can reduce the amount of fertilizer input by about 15%;

(4) Add lime to adjust soil pH during soil preparation, and supplement soil calcium nutrition and kill harmful bacteria.

2. Fertilization amount and method

(1) The banana plantation with an output of more than 5,000 kg per mu: depending on the type of organic fertilizer, the traditional organic fertilizer is 1000-3000 kg/mu, and the amount of decomposed poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg/mu. Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 45 ~ 60 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 70 ~ 90 kg / mu.

(2) The banana plantation with an output of 3000-5000 kg per mu: the traditional organic fertilizer is 1000-2000 kg/mu, and the amount of decomposed poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg/mu. Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 ~ 45 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 ~ 12 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 50 ~ 70 kg / mu.

(3) The banana plantation with an area of ​​less than 3,000 kg: the traditional organic fertilizer is 1000-1500 kg/mu, and the amount of decomposed poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg/mu. Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18 ~ 25 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 ~ 8 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 30 ~ 45 kg / mu. According to soil acidity, 40-80 kg of lime per acre before planting, magnesium sulfate

25 ~ 30 kg, mixed with organic fertilizer after application; boron or zinc-deficient orchard, apply borax 0.3-0.5 kg per acre, 0.8-1.0 kg of zinc sulfate heptahydrate. After the banana seedlings are planted and lived until the flower buds are differentiated, about 60% of the total fertilizer is applied to the nitrogen fertilizer, 50% of the phosphate fertilizer and 20% of the potash fertilizer; before the flower bud differentiation period to before the buds, the application is about 45% of the total fertilization amount. Nitrogen fertilizer, 30% phosphate fertilizer and 50% potassium fertilizer; 35% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphate fertilizer and 30% potassium fertilizer after bud extraction. In the early stage, water and fertilizer can be applied or applied. The flower bud differentiation period begins with the application of a ditch or a hole, and the fertilization is carried out 7 to 10 times.

(6) Lychee

1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization

In view of the common acidification of litchi orchard soil, poor fertilizer and water retention capacity, general lack of magnesium, boron, zinc and calcium, unreasonable fertilizer application, unreasonable fertilizer ratio, famine fertilizer abuse and lack of pertinence, the following fertilization principles are proposed. :

(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, fertilize according to the growth period, rationally mix nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, adjust fertilization plans according to factors such as litchi varieties, growth and climate;

(2) Strong acid orchard in soil, apply appropriate amount of lime, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to adjust soil pH and supplement corresponding nutrients;

(3) Using suitable fertilization methods, targeted application of medium-level element fertilizers;

(4) Fertilization combined with other management measures, such as drip irrigation, drip irrigation, fertilization, fertilizer application, etc.

2. Fertilization amount and method

(1) The result is that the tree is about 50 kilograms per plant: 10-20 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, 0.75-1.0 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 0.25-0.3 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 0.8-1.1 kg of potassium fertilizer (K2O). Kilograms, calcium fertilizer (Ca) 0.25 ~ 0.35 kg, magnesium fertilizer (Mg) 0.07 ~ 0.09 kg.

(2) Young trees with no fruit or less results: 5-10 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, 0.4-0.6 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 0.1-0.15 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 0.3-0.5 kg of potassium fertilizer (K2O). Magnesium fertilizer (Mg) 0.05 kg. Fertilizers were applied 6 to 8 times after harvest (first shoot, one fat, 2-3 times), before flowering, Xiehua and fruit development. Depending on the growth of the lychee tree, the flower before and the Xiehua fertilizer can be combined, or the Xiehua fertilizer and the strong fruit fertilizer can be combined. The application rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the above four growth stages is 45%, 10%, 20% and 35%. The phosphate fertilizer can be applied once after harvesting or after two times of mining and twice before flowering. The application rate of potassium, calcium and magnesium fertilizer is 30. %, 10%, 20%, and 40%. The potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed during the flowering period. In the orchard lacking boron and molybdenum deficiency, 0.2% borax + 0.05% ammonium molybdate was sprayed before flowering, Xiehua and fruit expansion period; 0.2% zinc sulfate or compound trace elements were sprayed at the tip of litchi. Orchard with pH<5.0, 100 kg of lime per acre, 5.0

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