Principle of gas discharge lamp

Gas discharge lamps operate through a three-stage process. First, when the lamp is connected to the power circuit, a stable self-sustaining discharge occurs. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated by the electric field, converting electrical energy into kinetic energy. In the second stage, these fast-moving electrons collide with gas atoms, exciting them and transferring their kinetic energy into internal energy of the gas atoms. Finally, as the excited atoms return to their ground state, they release this energy in the form of light. This cycle repeats continuously, allowing the lamp to emit light consistently.

The type of light produced by a discharge lamp depends on several factors, including the current density, the kind of gas used, and the pressure inside the lamp. Different gases emit specific wavelengths of light due to the unique energy levels of their atoms. At low pressures, the spectrum is dominated by sharp, distinct spectral lines characteristic of the gas. As pressure increases, the spectrum broadens and shifts toward longer wavelengths. At high pressures, the radiation becomes more continuous, resembling a broader range of light rather than discrete lines. Understanding these characteristics helps in selecting the right gas and pressure for different lighting applications.

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