REVIEW The production and application of microbial fermented feed is a hot spot in the feed industry and aquaculture industry. Its production and application history is also relatively long and diverse. In the 1990s, China began to study microbial fermented feed. In recent years, microbial fermented feed has been rapidly developed in animal husbandry production. Fermented feed is also used in pig farms in many European countries. The microbial fermented feed utilizes beneficial bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and bacillus to ferment and degrade various by-products produced in agriculture and light T industry, and produces substances containing organic acids, soluble peptides, etc., which produce good palatability and nutrition. Biological feed or feed ingredients with high content of live bacteria. The use of microbial fermented feed can not only solve the problem of resource shortage, but also degrade anti-nutritional factors and harmful components in unconventional raw materials, solve environmental pollution problems, expand the scope of application of feed ingredients, and improve the health of animals. It has become a new farmer. select. 1 Development advantage of biological fermented feed Microbial fermentation is based on some environmentally unfriendly by-products. During the fermentation process, a large number of products and bacterial proteins that are beneficial to digestion and absorption are produced, reducing the production of harmful substances in the feces, improving the living environment of animals, and reducing the environment for animals. Pollution. There are many types of raw materials used to produce fermented feed. In addition to the conventional feed ingredients, some waste can also be used in the production of fermented feed. The production of microbial fermented feed is basically not affected by factors such as land, season and climate, and does not require special equipment and equipment, which can save a lot of manpower and material resources. The microbial metabolism is high and the output efficiency is extremely high. 2 Mechanism of action of probiotics in biological fermented feed The strain used for fermenting the feed itself is a beneficial bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of the reared animal, which can protect and strengthen the positive balance of the animal body flora. There are many kinds of strains that can be fermented. There are 15 kinds of strains that can be used in China. Currently, there are commonly used bacteria such as Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Yeast. In addition to the above species, many new production strains are under development. Lactic acid bacteria mainly inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestines and enhance the immunity of animals; Bacillus can produce a large number of B vitamins, proteases and other metabolites during the fermentation process, which can improve the utilization rate of feed; yeast can produce raw materials such as waste residue. Protein feed. 2.1 Probiotics can regulate the balance of the gastrointestinal tract in the animal The gastrointestinal tract of healthy livestock and poultry is inhabited by various microbial flora, which are interdependent with the animal body. Probiotics can improve the internal environment of the digestive system, promote intestinal micro-ecological balance, promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients, ensure the health of livestock and poultry, and form a micro-ecological system of the gastrointestinal tract. Experimental studies have shown that probiotics not only reduce the number of E. coli in the gut of livestock, but also increase the number of lactobacilli in the gut. Chen Xianxin and other studies have shown that the use of lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid feed for growing fattening pigs can significantly increase the daily gain and reduce the feed-to-weight ratio, and increase the level of lactic acid bacteria in the feces, significantly reducing the levels of E. coli and Salmonella (P<0.05). 2.2 The nutritional role of The fermented feed is produced by fermenting probiotics. During the fermentation process, the macromolecular organic matter in the feed is degraded into small molecular substances that are easily digested and absorbed by the animal, so that various active ingredients in the feed are quickly absorbed, and not only are produced during the fermentation process. A large number of volatile fatty acids also produce nutrient-rich microbial cell proteins and some useful metabolites. Therefore, fermented feed products have an acid flavor, which makes the feed product more palatable. As the acidity of the feed increases, it can promote the digestion of dietary ingredients, eliminate anti-nutritional factors, and promote the use of nutrients in the feed by animals. 2.3 probiotics can degrade toxic substances to improve immunity Probiotics themselves are a non-specific immunomodulatory factor, and there are a large number of beneficial live bacteria and their metabolites such as lactic acid bacteria in the fermented feed. It can inhibit the growth and colonization of exogenous pathogens in the body, thus protecting the body from pathogens. Zhang Rijun and other studies have shown that the addition of probiotics 0.1% can significantly improve the T and B lymphocyte viability and serum antibody levels in broilers (P<0.05). In most cases, the microbial metabolites can also reduce the toxin content in the feed, making the animal immune and resistant. Improve disease ability, reduce the incidence of intestinal diseases, and promote the healthy growth of the body. 3 application of biological fermented feed in livestock and poultry production 3.1 pig Numerous studies have shown that microbial fermented feed is widely used in raising pigs. Russell and other test results show that lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid feed can significantly improve the feed intake and growth rate of weaned piglets (P<0.05). Tu Xiaoli and other test results show that after feeding microbial fermentation materials, the average daily weight gain of pigs is increased, and the weight is increased. Compared with the reduction, the anti-pig feed can improve the digestibility of crude fat and improve the production performance of the growth and finishing pigs after microbial fermentation. Li Min and other test results show that fermented feed has the tendency to improve the growth performance of finishing pigs, and has no adverse effect on carcass quality. A comprehensive index indicates that fermented feed has a good influence on the meat quality, flavor and nutritional characteristics of pigs. The microbial fermented feed preparation technology provides a theoretical basis for the production of safe and environmentally friendly feed and green safe pork. 3.2 ruminant Fermented feed is widely used in the production of ruminants, in addition to its application in pig production. Yu et al. showed that the use of microbial fermentation of food industry waste, feeding to beef cattle feed to feed growth and fattening cattle, can increase the content of total protein, albumin, IgA, IgG, IgM, and reduce the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Increasing the total antioxidant capacity of the organism indicates that the microbial fermented feed can improve the immunity of the animal's body. Therefore, the microbial fermented feed is a pollution-free green feed for beef cattle production. Yang Baozhu's research results show that feeding beef cattle with EM fermented feed can increase the daily gain of beef cattle by about 30%, thus shortening the storage period and increasing the rate of delivery. The results of Peng Zhongli and other experiments showed that the microbial fermented feed could significantly increase the average daily gain of goats (P<0.01), while the apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber increased significantly (P<0.05). The incidence rate was greatly reduced. Each goat increased 0.33 yuan·d-1 more than the control group, which further confirmed that the microbial fermentation feed can significantly improve the performance and health of goats, and improve economic benefits and application value. Zhang Yong and others fed the fermented feed to the Holstein cows. The average daily milk yield, milk fat percentage and milk protein of the cows increased significantly, which not only improved the quality of the milk, but also brought considerable economic benefits to the farmers. 3.3 poultry Zhu Fenghua and other studies have shown that when the mixed diet of lactic acid bacteria fermented feed is added to the basal diet, the laying rate and protein Haha unit of the laying hen can be improved, and the economic benefit is improved. The research shows that the lactic acid bacteria fermented feed has a ratio of 15%. It is most suitable to replace the laying hens with compound feed. Sun Yujiang and other researches on the effects of new solid microbial fermentation feed on laying hens. The results showed that with the increase of microbial fermentation feed, the egg production rate increased significantly (P<0.05), and the eggshell strength increased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.05). ), the Haugh unit and the egg yolk color are obviously improved. It can be seen that adding proper amount of microbial fermented feed in the laying hen's basic Et grain can significantly improve the production performance and economic benefit of the laying hen. Lu Yueqin et al. studied the effects of different levels of microbial fermented feed on intestinal flora and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion rate of laying hens. The results showed that microbial fermented feed could significantly increase the number of Lactobacillus bacteria and improve the intestinal micro-ecological balance of laying hens. Reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus excretion rate, effectively reduce the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus in manure, reduce the production of harmful substances, and improve environmental sanitation. Zhu Liguo's research on the feeding experiment of meat duck with fermented feed showed that the fermented feed has higher conversion utilization rate and can improve the production performance of meat duck. At the same time, the beneficial bacteria in the fermented feed can regulate the micro-ecology in the meat duck. Balance and enhance the disease resistance of meat ducks. Tennis Court Synthetic Grass, Tennis Grass, China Tennis Court Synthetic Grass JIANGSU WMGRASS CO., LTD. , https://www.wmgrassturf.com