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Fire escape self-help common sense Tip: Why set up the refuge layer?
**1. Why is a Refuge Floor Necessary?**
In high-rise buildings over 100 meters tall, it can be extremely challenging to evacuate all occupants to the outside quickly in case of a fire. According to research data from Canadian institutions, even with two staircases each 1.10 meters wide, evacuating a 30-story building with 240 people per floor would take about 78 minutes. This shows that traditional evacuation methods are not sufficient for such buildings. Therefore, China's "Fire Protection Code for High-Rise Civil Buildings" (GB50045-95, 2005 edition) mandates the inclusion of refuge or shelter areas in public buildings exceeding 100 meters in height. These spaces provide temporary safety and allow time for rescue operations.
**2. How to Implement the Evacuation Function?**
First, refuge floors must be strategically placed according to specific guidelines. The code states that the distance between the ground floor and the first refuge floor, or between two consecutive refuge floors, should not exceed 15 levels. This ensures that if a fire occurs below the 15th floor, people on the refuge floor can still be reached by fire trucks. Currently, many cities in China have 50-meter ladder trucks, which can reach up to the 15th floor, while Beijing has even 100-meter models to support higher buildings.
Second, the smoke-proof staircases leading to the refuge floor must be separated or disconnected at that level. This prevents confusion and ensures that people can easily find their way to the refuge area. If the staircases were continuous, individuals might become lost, especially in a panic. By disconnecting them, the path becomes clear, helping people reach the refuge floor faster.
Additionally, refuge floors are equipped with essential fire protection systems, including automatic fire alarms, sprinklers, independent smoke control systems, fire elevators, emergency communication devices, public address systems, and emergency lighting. The lighting should last at least one hour and maintain an illuminance of no less than 1 lux. The usable area must also be sufficient to accommodate evacuees, with a minimum of 5 people per square meter.
**3. How Can People Effectively Use the Refuge Floor for Safety?**
First, regular fire safety inspections and maintenance of the refuge floor are crucial. All equipment must be in working order, and the space should not be used for any other purpose. A well-maintained refuge floor ensures that it remains a safe haven during emergencies.
Second, every individual in a high-rise building should enhance their fire awareness and learn basic escape techniques. Employees should be familiar with emergency plans and participate in drills regularly—fire safety key units must conduct these at least once every six months. Visitors should also know their location, the nearest exit, and the direction of the evacuation route to ensure a quick response in case of a fire.
Lastly, it’s important to remember that a refuge floor is not completely safe. Its effectiveness depends on the building’s fire resistance rating. If a fire breaks out above the refuge floor, people should try to evacuate to a safe outdoor area as soon as possible, provided it is feasible. Always prioritize getting to a safer location when conditions allow.