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Fire escape self-help common sense Tip: Why set up the refuge layer?
In high-rise buildings over 100 meters tall, evacuation during a fire can be extremely challenging. According to research from Canadian authorities, even with two staircases of 1.10 meters in width, evacuating a 30-story building—where each floor has about 240 people—can take nearly 78 minutes using one staircase or around 40 minutes with two. This highlights the difficulty of quickly moving large numbers of people to the outside. As a result, China’s “Fire Code for High-Rise Civil Buildings†(GB50045-95, 2005 edition) mandates that public buildings exceeding 100 meters must include refuge or shelter floors.
To implement an effective evacuation system, refuge floors must be strategically placed. The code specifies that no more than 15 floors should exist between the ground level and the first refuge floor, or between two refuge floors. This is because, in the event of a fire below the 15th floor, occupants on the refuge floor would no longer be able to escape via stairs. Instead, they would rely on aerial firefighting equipment. Many cities in China now have 50-meter ladder trucks, while Beijing has even deployed 100-meter ones to accommodate higher structures.
Additionally, smoke-proof staircases leading to refuge floors must be designed carefully. These staircases should be separated at the refuge level, either by being offset within the same floor or disconnected from the upper and lower levels. This ensures that individuals heading to the refuge floor are guided directly without confusion. Without clear signage, people in a panic might struggle to find their way, so the design helps streamline the process.
Refuge floors also require essential fire protection systems, such as automatic alarms, sprinklers, independent smoke control, fire elevators, emergency phones, public address systems, and emergency lighting. The lighting must last at least one hour and provide illumination of at least 1 lux. The usable area should be sufficient for those seeking shelter, typically calculated at 5 people per square meter.
To use the refuge effectively, regular maintenance and inspections are crucial. All safety equipment must be in working order, and the refuge floor should not be used for any other purpose. Individuals living or working in high-rises should enhance their fire awareness and learn basic escape techniques. Employees should be familiar with emergency plans and participate in drills regularly—key fire units must conduct them at least every six months. Visitors should also know their location, the nearest exit, and the safest escape route.
Lastly, it's important to remember that refuge floors are not completely safe. Their effectiveness depends on the building’s fire resistance. If a fire breaks out above the refuge floor, it’s best to evacuate to a safe outdoor area if possible. Always stay alert and act quickly when a fire occurs.