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Home PV power station: It takes ten years to invest 25,000
**Abstract**
Mr. Fang, a resident of Jiuting Community in Songjiang, has become known as the “crab-eater†of Shanghai’s distributed power grid due to his early adoption of a photovoltaic (PV) system. Last year, following the release of the State Grid Corporation of China’s distributed photovoltaic support policy, the company recently issued the “Opinion on Distributed Power Grid-Connected Service Work,†marking Shanghai’s first grid-connected users under this new framework.
Although residential PV systems can now sell electricity back to the grid thanks to supportive policies, the reporter visited Mr. Fang’s home and found that the pace of distributed projects is slower than expected. The promotion of such systems in residential areas faces several challenges, including limited space, high costs, and uncertainty around the final online purchase price set by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC).
**Difficulties in Promoting Residential Projects**
On March 15, the reporter visited Mr. Fang’s home, where a small-scale PV system installed in January had already generated 10.15 kWh. In February, despite poor weather conditions in Shanghai, the system produced 136.57 kWh, of which 105.38 kWh was fed into the grid and 31.15 kWh was used at home. However, the household consumed 380 kWh during the same period, highlighting the gap between production and consumption.
The system only includes 10 solar panels with a total capacity of 3 kW, constrained by the limited roof space. While some cities like Beijing offer a feed-in tariff of 0.4 yuan/kWh for solar energy, Shanghai currently follows a policy that requires two-way meters to track both self-generation and grid usage, with subsidies pending NDRC approval.
According to Shanghai Electric Power Company, since the national policy was introduced in November last year, 20 applications for distributed power have been received, including 14 households and 6 enterprises. Most applicants are from the solar industry or environmental groups, suggesting early-stage adoption rather than widespread interest.
**High Costs and Limited Retail Channels**
Mr. Fang noted that PV companies do not typically sell directly to individuals, requiring large orders. For ordinary residents, options are limited to online shopping, where second-hand or imported modules are sold without installation services. Installation involves technical challenges, such as roof load-bearing, structural requirements, and lack of certified installers, making it risky and complicated.
A professor from the School of Electric Power at Shanghai Jiao Tong University stated that PV systems are more suitable for villas, remote government buildings, or university campuses, where they can complement traditional energy sources. Similarly, an official from the Jiangsu Photovoltaic Industry Association said that rural and villa areas will likely dominate the future market for distributed power.
**Long Payback Periods**
Under the State Grid’s “Opinions,†grid connection services are free, but the return on investment remains long. A typical 3 kW system costs around 25,000 RMB. At a feed-in tariff of 1 yuan/kWh, it could take about 10 years to recoup the investment, excluding maintenance costs.
The NDRC is still finalizing the purchase price, with reports suggesting it may be set at 1 yuan/kWh. However, the actual cost of PV generation is around 1.2 yuan/kWh, making it less attractive compared to residential electricity prices of 0.6–0.7 yuan/kWh.
In 2012, Jiangsu Province announced a gradual reduction in feed-in tariffs, from 1.3 yuan/kWh in 2012 to 1.15 yuan/kWh in 2015. Despite increased national targets for distributed generation, the market has not seen significant growth due to pricing uncertainties and limited retail channels.
**Shanghai Residents Applying for Grid Access**
1. Submit a grid application form for distributed power projects.
2. Obtain approval from the local investment authority.
3. Provide a certificate from the neighborhood committee and neighbors’ consent.
4. The power company sends staff to conduct a site inspection and develop an access plan.
5. The power company issues a grid opinion letter, installs the meter, signs a contract, and connects the system to the grid.
Note: If no grid transformation is needed, the entire process must be completed within 45 working days.