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What are the factors to consider when selecting a shock absorber?
When selecting shock absorbers, it's essential to consider several key factors that influence the effectiveness of vibration isolation. Here's a refined and expanded version of the original content:
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When choosing shock absorbers, there are several important aspects to take into account. First, the concept of vibration isolation involves managing the system’s degrees of freedom. In reality, any mechanical system has six degrees of freedom—three translational and three rotational. The primary goal of vibration isolation is to reduce unwanted motion by strategically placing support points. This approach helps minimize the movement in each degree of freedom, and various calculation methods can be used depending on the system's complexity (refer to vibration theory textbooks for more details).
Another critical factor is the transmission rate, which indicates how much vibration is passed through the system. A lower natural frequency of the system leads to a reduced transmission rate, thereby improving the overall vibration isolation performance. Therefore, adjusting the system's natural frequency is an effective way to enhance isolation.
Damping plays a significant role in controlling amplitude near resonance, but it becomes less effective outside this range. As such, selecting the appropriate damping coefficient is crucial when designing a shock absorber system. Too little damping may not control vibrations well, while too much can cause other issues, like reduced isolation efficiency.
The evaluation of transmission rate is not absolute; it depends on the specific application. It's important to assess the system based on the equipment's damping requirements and the acceptable level of environmental vibration. Once the support points are determined, a simple selection method using the frequency ratio can be applied. Most shock absorber manuals provide key parameters such as rated load, natural frequency, and damping coefficient, allowing engineers to choose the most suitable option based on the actual system conditions.
Regarding installation, the placement of shock absorbers is vital. They should be arranged symmetrically with respect to the system's main inertial axis. Ideally, they should be positioned around the center of gravity to prevent coupling between different types of vibrations. This arrangement simplifies the vibration system and reduces its complexity.
To meet frequency ratio and load requirements, shock absorbers can be connected in parallel, series, or at an angle. Each configuration affects the stiffness differently: parallel connections increase stiffness, series connections decrease it, and angled arrangements offer a balance depending on the application.
Additionally, lowering the system's center of gravity improves stability. This can be achieved by increasing the base mass, adding more support points, or using a hanging configuration.
Finally, full-system vibration isolation requires more than just isolating the equipment. Vibration from machines like fans, pumps, and engines can still travel through foundations, so it's important to use elastic couplings on pipelines and shafts. Devices such as vibration-reducing nozzles and high-elastic couplings help ensure the entire system achieves the desired level of vibration reduction.
By carefully considering these factors, engineers can design more effective and reliable vibration isolation systems tailored to their specific needs.