What are the factors to consider when selecting a shock absorber?

When choosing shock absorbers, it's important to take several key factors into account. First, vibration isolation is based on the system's degrees of freedom. In reality, a mechanical system has six degrees of freedom—three translational and three rotational. The primary goal of vibration isolation is to select appropriate support points that limit movement in certain directions. This approach helps reduce unwanted vibrations, and there are multiple calculation methods available for this purpose, such as modal analysis or frequency response techniques, which can be found in standard vibration theory textbooks. Second, the effectiveness of vibration isolation is often measured by the transmission ratio. A lower natural frequency of the system leads to a reduced transmission ratio, which improves the isolation performance. Therefore, when designing a vibration isolation system, it's essential to carefully adjust the natural frequency to achieve optimal results. Third, damping plays a crucial role in controlling the amplitude of vibrations near the resonance point. However, it's less effective in regions where the frequency is far from resonance. As a result, selecting the right damping coefficient (C) is vital. Too little damping may not control vibrations effectively, while too much could lead to over-damping, which also reduces isolation efficiency. Fourth, evaluating the transmission ratio should be done in context. The quality of a vibration isolation system depends on both the equipment’s damping characteristics and the acceptable level of environmental vibration. After determining the support points, a simple method involving the frequency ratio can be used. Most shock absorber manuals provide key parameters such as rated load, natural frequency, and damping coefficient, allowing engineers to make informed choices based on the actual conditions of their system. In terms of installation, the placement of shock absorbers is critical. They should be arranged symmetrically relative to the main axis of inertia of the system. Placing them symmetrically around the center of gravity helps prevent coupling between different vibration modes, simplifying the overall system and improving isolation performance. To meet specific frequency ratio and load requirements, shock absorbers can be connected in parallel, series, or at an angle. Each configuration affects the stiffness differently: parallel connections increase stiffness, series connections decrease it, and angled arrangements offer a balanced solution depending on the application. Additionally, reducing the system’s center of gravity enhances stability. This can be achieved by increasing the base mass, adding more support points, or using a hanging configuration. These measures help ensure the system remains stable under dynamic loads. Finally, comprehensive vibration isolation requires more than just isolating the equipment. For example, machinery like fans, pumps, and engines transmit vibrations through foundations and pipelines. To minimize this, elastic couplings such as vibration-reducing nozzles or high-elastic couplings should be used on connecting shafts and pipes. This ensures that the entire system achieves the desired level of vibration reduction.

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