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Development and utilization of hydropower needs to grasp the overall balanced development
Zhang Boting, deputy secretary-general of the China Hydropower Engineering Society, emphasizes that achieving a balance between hydropower development, environmental protection, and resettlement is crucial for sustainable growth. As China's economy continues to expand rapidly, the demand for electricity remains strong, making renewable energy sources, especially hydropower, an essential component in adjusting the national energy structure. The "12th Five-Year Plan for Energy Development" highlights the importance of prioritizing hydropower, while the "Twelve Five-Year Plan for Hydropower Development" outlines clear goals for future growth.
Hydropower projects are expected to play a central role in power infrastructure in the coming years. Zhang Boting stresses that proper planning, environmental considerations, and effective resettlement strategies must be integrated into every stage of development. Drawing from international best practices, he suggests that comprehensive and long-term planning can help avoid potential conflicts and ensure smoother implementation.
The "12th Five-Year Plan for Hydropower Development" calls for the construction of large-scale hydropower bases in western regions, the rational utilization of surplus water resources in key river basins across central areas, and the gradual expansion of power stations in eastern regions along with pumped-storage capacity development. It also emphasizes preliminary work such as river planning, research on critical sections, surveying, and design of major projects, as well as the selection of suitable sites for pumped-storage facilities.
Key initiatives include the development of large hydropower bases along the Jinsha River, Yalong River, Dadu River, upper reaches of the Yellow River, and Lancang River. Efforts will also focus on expanding projects in the middle reaches of the Jinsha River and initiating new projects in the upper reaches of the Jinsha River and the middle and lower reaches of the Nujiang River. These developments align with the "West-to-East Electricity Transmission" strategy, particularly in southeastern Tibet.
Additionally, the plan aims to develop remaining water resources in the Yellow River, Han River, and other key rivers, with a focus on upgrading existing power stations like Fengman. Zhang Boting notes that leading reservoirs, which have strong flood control and water storage capabilities, can significantly enhance the efficiency and flexibility of hydropower systems. These reservoirs help reduce flood risks, improve water supply during droughts, and minimize economic losses caused by submergence in less populated upstream areas.
Adopting a model of "leading reservoir plus multi-level water diversion" can further reduce land displacement and ecological disruption. However, current multi-level management of hydropower projects in China, involving various levels of government, often leads to inefficiencies. Zhang Boting suggests learning from the U.S. model, where hydropower development is centrally controlled, promoting better coordination and long-term planning.
Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are now mandatory before any major project begins, ensuring that ecological concerns are addressed early. For hydropower, this is especially important given its long-term effects on ecosystems. Zhang Boting highlights the need for basin-level EIAs and close collaboration between departments to achieve sustainable development. He also points out that the ecological impacts of multiple dams must be carefully studied, particularly in river basins with limited water availability.
While some river basins offer favorable conditions for fish spawning, others face water shortages, requiring further research on flow management. Basic studies on fish life cycles remain incomplete, and decisions on fish breeding stations should be made early in the planning process.
Public perception of hydropower has sometimes been negative, but Zhang Boting argues that it actually benefits the environment by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Hydropower projects also support local economies, helping to address poverty and environmental degradation. In the Nu River region, for example, unregulated use of natural resources has led to severe soil erosion, but with proper planning, hydropower can contribute to long-term ecological and economic stability.
Resettlement costs have become a major factor in exceeding project budgets. Submergence losses are significant, and rural populations in reservoir areas face challenges in relocation and re-employment. Addressing these issues requires coordinated efforts from all stakeholders, including local governments. Recent regulations have improved the resettlement process, allowing many migrants to be relocated before the reservoir fills. This approach has shown promise, though continued collaboration is essential.
Experts suggest that improving the skills of migrant laborers and developing secondary and tertiary industries in reservoir areas can boost local economies. Strengthening farmland, controlling soil erosion, and adopting advanced agricultural techniques are also key to long-term success. Establishing effective resettlement organizations and providing training programs have already yielded positive results in China.
Overall, hydropower development presents both opportunities and challenges. With careful planning, environmental protection, and social responsibility, it can serve as a cornerstone of China’s sustainable energy future.