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Explain in detail the classification and causes of stone surface pollution sources
The first section of rust yellow
Rust yellow is a common issue that occurs on the surface of natural stone, especially marble. It can be attributed to three main causes: the inherent composition of the stone, improper handling during processing, and contamination from metal fixtures after installation. Let's explore each in detail.
Original rust yellow refers to discoloration caused by unstable iron minerals within the stone itself. These include iron sulfides, iron carbonates, and other iron-bearing compounds. Iron sulfide, in particular, is known for being highly reactive and prone to oxidation when exposed to moisture and air. Over time, this oxidation leads to the formation of rust-colored stains on the surface. In some cases, the expansion of rust can cause the stone to flake or develop small pits.
Rust yellow can also occur due to improper handling during the cutting and polishing of the stone. For instance, if steel wire sawing leaves behind residual metallic particles, they may oxidize when exposed to water and air, leading to rust spots. Similarly, if acid-based cleaning solutions are used during the finishing process, they can accelerate the oxidation of iron minerals present in the stone.
Another source of rust yellow is the corrosion of metal accessories used during installation, such as iron brackets or fasteners. If these components rust, they can transfer their color to the surrounding stone, creating unsightly stains. To prevent this, it’s essential to use stainless steel or non-corrosive materials whenever possible.
To reduce the risk of rust yellow, several preventive measures should be taken. First, before installation, the stone should be properly sealed to prevent moisture from penetrating its surface. This helps avoid the oxidation of iron minerals. Second, avoid using acidic cleaners during maintenance, as they can dissolve iron-containing compounds and lead to staining. Third, ensure that all metal fixtures used during installation are rust-resistant. Finally, apply a protective sealer after installation to further guard against future damage.
The second section of Baihua
Baihua, or white efflorescence, is a common problem in natural stone, especially in areas where moisture is present. It appears as a white, powdery substance on the surface of the stone or in the joints between stones. This phenomenon is often seen on outdoor installations like steps, walls, and decorative elements.
Baihua occurs when alkaline substances, such as calcium hydroxide, from cement mortar are dissolved by water and then migrate to the surface of the stone. As the water evaporates, these substances crystallize, forming a white residue. There are two types of Baihua: primary and secondary. Primary Baihua comes directly from the mixing water in the cement, while secondary Baihua results from rainwater or groundwater dissolving alkaline compounds from the mortar and carrying them to the stone surface.
To prevent Baihua, it's important to properly seal the stone before installation. This helps block moisture from entering the stone and reacting with the cement. Choosing high-quality joint sealants and following proper construction techniques can also minimize the risk. Using low-water-content cement mixtures and adding water-reducing agents can further reduce the likelihood of Baihua. Additionally, avoiding the use of mineral-rich water for mixing cement can help limit the presence of soluble salts.
The third section of water spot
Water spots are dull, wet-looking areas that appear on the surface of stone. They can affect the overall appearance of the stone, making it look unattractive and aged. Water spots typically occur in two ways: either from temporary moisture absorption or from long-term alkaline infiltration.
Temporary water spots happen when water, such as rain or cleaning water, penetrates the stone through capillary action. Once the stone dries, the spot usually disappears. However, if the stone is installed with improper cement mixtures or excessive water, it can lead to more serious issues. Alkaline compounds from the cement can remain trapped inside the stone, causing persistent dampness and dullness on the surface.
To address water spots, it's crucial to prevent moisture from entering the stone. This can be done by applying a high-quality sealer before installation. Sealing not only protects the stone from water but also prevents the migration of harmful alkaline substances. Additionally, using low-water-content cement mixes and adding waterproofing agents can help reduce the chances of water spots forming. Proper construction techniques, including correct joint sealing and avoiding over-wetting, are also essential.
The fourth section of stain
Stains on natural stone can come from a variety of sources, including tea, coffee, ink, oil, and even adhesive residues. These substances can penetrate the porous surface of the stone, leaving behind unsightly marks that are difficult to remove if not addressed promptly.
To prevent staining, it's important to apply a quality sealer before installing the stone, especially in high-risk areas like kitchens and dining tables. A good sealer helps repel both water and oil-based contaminants. During installation, care should be taken to avoid spilling any liquids onto the stone. If a stain does occur, it should be cleaned immediately to prevent it from setting into the stone.
In addition, using non-polluting materials and avoiding the use of silicone-based sealants that can leave dark streaks along seams can help maintain the stone’s clean and attractive appearance. Regular maintenance and prompt cleaning are key to keeping natural stone looking its best.