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Explain in detail the classification and causes of stone surface pollution sources
Stone maintenance and prevention of common surface issues such as rust stains, white efflorescence, water spots, and staining are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of natural stone. These problems often arise from improper handling, environmental exposure, or construction practices. Understanding their causes and implementing effective preventive measures can significantly reduce damage and enhance the durability of stone surfaces.
**Rust Stains (Rust Yellow)**
Rust yellow is a common issue caused by the oxidation of iron-containing minerals within the stone. These minerals, such as iron sulfide and biotite, are unstable and prone to reacting with moisture and oxygen. When exposed to water, they oxidize and form reddish-brown stains on the surface. This can occur during the stone’s formation, due to improper processing, or from rusting metal fixtures used in installation. To prevent this, it's important to seal the stone before installation, avoid acidic cleaning agents, and use non-corrosive hardware when fixing the stone in place.
**White Efflorescence (Baihua)**
Efflorescence appears as a white, powdery residue on stone surfaces, especially in wet or humid environments. It results from the migration of soluble salts, such as calcium carbonate or sulfate, from cement mortar into the stone. These salts crystallize upon evaporation, forming a visible layer. Preventing efflorescence involves proper sealing, using low-water-content mortars, and selecting appropriate joint materials that resist moisture penetration.
**Water Spots**
Water spots refer to the dull, wet appearance on stone surfaces caused by trapped moisture. This can happen when water seeps into the stone through capillary action, especially after rain or cleaning. In some cases, alkaline substances from cement can react with carbon dioxide in the air, forming compounds that make the stone look damp. To address this, waterproofing treatments and proper curing methods should be applied to limit moisture infiltration.
**Staining**
Stains from substances like tea, coffee, oil, and ink can penetrate the porous surface of the stone, leading to discoloration. Improper use of construction materials, such as residual cement or adhesive, can also cause staining. Quick cleaning and the application of protective sealants are key to preventing long-term damage. Using high-quality sealers that repel both water and oil helps maintain the stone’s appearance and resistance to pollutants.
By taking proactive steps—such as proper sealing, careful installation, and regular maintenance—stone surfaces can remain clean, durable, and visually appealing over time. Each of these issues requires a tailored approach, but with the right strategies, many common problems can be effectively managed.